In Sweden, cash is almost extinct and people implant microchips in their hands to pay for things
In Sweden, cash is almost extinct and people implant
microchips in their hands to pay for things
More than 4,000 Swedes have gone the microchip route as
cash use fades and the government scrambles to figure out the effects on
society and the economy
A cafe in Stockhlom that is completely cash-free. Few
places are tilting toward a cashless future as quickly as Sweden, which has
become hooked on the convenience of paying by app and plastic.Linus Sundahi-Djerf/The
New York Times
Liz Alderman November 23, 2018 6:30 AM EST The New York
Times
Few countries have been moving toward a cashless society
as fast as Sweden. But cash is being squeezed out so quickly — with half the
nation’s retailers predicting they will stop accepting bills before 2025 — that
the government is recalculating the societal costs of a cash-free future.
The financial authorities, who once embraced the trend,
are asking banks to keep peddling notes and coins until the government can
figure out what going cash-free means for young and old consumers. The central
bank, which predicts cash may fade from Sweden, is testing a digital currency —
an e-krona — to keep firm control of the money supply. Lawmakers are exploring
the fate of online payments and bank accounts if an electrical grid fails or
servers are thwarted by power failures, hackers or even war.
“When you are where we are, it would be wrong to sit back
with our arms crossed, doing nothing, and then just take note of the fact that
cash has disappeared,” said Stefan Ingves, governor of Sweden’s central bank,
known as the Riksbank. “You can’t turn back time, but you do have to find a way
to deal with change.”
As ‘no cash accepted’ signs spring up everywhere, Sweden
worries it’s gone too far with digital payments
Ask most people in Sweden how often they pay with cash
and the answer is “almost never.” A fifth of Swedes, in a country of 10 million
people, do not use automated teller machines anymore. More than 4,000 Swedes
have implanted microchips in their hands, allowing them to pay for rail travel
and food, or enter keyless offices, with a wave. Restaurants, buses, parking
lots and even pay toilets depend on clicks rather than cash.
Consumer groups say the shift leaves many retirees — a
third of all Swedes are 55 or older — as well as some immigrants and people
with disabilities at a disadvantage. They cannot easily gain access to
electronic means for some goods and transactions, and rely on banks and their
customer service. And the progress toward a cashless society could upend the
state’s centuries-old role as sovereign guarantor. If cash disappears,
commercial banks would wield greater control.
“We need to pause and think about whether this is good or
bad, and not just sit back and let it happen,” said Mats Dillén, the head of a
Swedish Parliament committee studying the matter. “If cash disappears, that
would be a big change, with major implications for society and the economy.”
Urban consumers worldwide are increasingly paying with
apps and plastic. In China and in other Asian countries rife with young
smartphone users, mobile payments are routine. In Europe, about one in five
people say they rarely carry money. In Belgium, Denmark and Norway, debit and
credit card use has hit record highs.
We need to pause
and think about whether this is good or bad, and not just sit back and let it
happen
Mats Dillén
But Sweden — and particularly its young people — is at
the vanguard. Bills and coins represent just 1 per cent of the economy,
compared with 10 per cent in Europe and 8 per cent in the United States. About
one in 10 consumers paid for something in cash this year, down from 40 per cent
in 2010. Most merchants in Sweden still accept notes and coins, but their ranks
are thinning.
Among 18-to-24-year-olds, the numbers are startling: Up
to 95 per cent of their purchases are with a debit card or a smartphone app
called Swish, a payment system set up by Sweden’s biggest banks.
Ikea, whose flat-box furniture is a staple of young
households, has been experimenting to gauge the allure and effect of cashless
commerce. In Gävle, about 100 miles north of Stockholm, managers decided to go
cashless temporarily last month after they realized that fewer than 1 per cent
of shoppers used cash — and Ikea employees were spending about 15 per cent of
their time handling, counting and storing money.
Patric Burstein, a senior manager, said the cashless test
had freed employees to work on the sales floor. So far, around 1.2 of every
1,000 customers have been unable to pay with anything but cash — and mainly in
the cafeteria where people tend to spend change. Rather than bother with bills,
Ikea has been offering those customers freebies.
“We said, ‘If you want a 50 cent hot dog, be my guest,
take it. But next time maybe you can bring a card,’” said Burstein, 38. The
test so far suggests that cash is not essential and, instead, may be costly, he
said. “We’re spending a lot of resources on a very small percentage that
actually need the service,” he said.
The nearby branch of the Swedish National Pensioners
Organization has led protests against the experiment, in part, because many
retirees like to go to the Gävle Ikea for a bite to eat.
“We have around 1 million people who aren’t comfortable
using the computer, iPads or iPhones for banking,” said Christina Tallberg, 75,
the group’s national president. “We aren’t against the digital movement, but we
think it’s going a bit too fast.”
The organization has been raising money to teach retirees
how to pay electronically, but, paradoxically, that good effort has been
tripped up by an abundance of cash. When collections for training are taken in
rural areas — and the seniors donate in cash — the pensioner in charge must
drive miles to find a bank that will actually take the money, Tallberg said.
About half of Sweden’s 1,400 bank branches no longer accept cash deposits.
“It’s more or less impossible, because the banks refuse
to take cash,” she said.
About half of
Sweden's 1,400 bank branches no longer accept cash deposits
Banks have propelled the cashless revolution by
encouraging consumers and retailers to use debit and credit cards, which yields
banks and credit card companies lucrative fees. That includes the
bank-developed Swish smartphone app.
Sweden’s banks have cut back on cash in part for safety
reasons after a rash of violent robberies in the mid-2000s. The national psyche
is marked by an infamous helicopter heist in Västberga in 2009, when thieves
landed on the roof of a G4S cash service depot and stole millions — a drama now
being turned into a Netflix film. Last year, only two banks were robbed
compared with 210 in 2008.
In recent years, banks have dismantled cash machines by
the hundreds. So little cash is used now that it has become expensive to track
and maintain, said Leif Trogen, an official at the Swedish Bankers’
Association.
There are two proposals by Swedish authorities to keep
cash at hand. Parliament wants just the biggest banks to handle cash. The
central bank is holding out for all banks to keep money flowing. Swedbank, SEB
and other big Swedish financial institutions are fighting the lawmakers’
demands, saying it would place an undue burden on them to provide greater
access.
“The demand for cash is decreasing at an ever faster
pace,” Trogen said. “Therefore, it is fundamentally wrong to legislate to
influence the demand for cash.”
The central bank has plans to roll out a pilot version
next year of a new type of Riksbank money — the digital krona, or e-krona —
that could replace physical cash or at least help calm the current cash
conundrum. An e-krona would mean that the functions of a currency backed by the
state would remain, even in an all-digital world that is fast approaching.
Christine Lagarde, managing director of the International
Monetary Fund, noted last week that several central banks were “seriously
considering” digital currencies.
“While the case for digital currency is not universal, we
should investigate it further — seriously, carefully and creatively,” she said.
Ingves, the central bank governor, said, “This is not a
war on cash, but no one has argued that this evolutionary motion is going to
stop.”
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