McDonald’s secret Luxembourg tax deal...EU Commission probe exposes sweetheart tax deal...
Brussels serves up McDonald’s secret exchanges with
Grand Duchy
Alex Barker in Brussels and Vanessa Houlder in London June
7, 2016 7:02 pm
McDonald's proposition was an audacious one to put to a
taxman: there is “no requirement” for royalties from European franchises to be
taxed anywhere in the world. Even more remarkably, Luxembourg accepted it,
according to documents released from an EU probe.
The disclosure of McDonald’s secret exchanges with the
Grand Duchy, made public on Tuesday by the European Commission, provides a
glimpse into the kind of tax treaty arbitrage that has helped US multinationals
stash away more than $2tn of untaxed profits since the 1990s.
The commission investigation into McDonald’s arrangements
with Luxembourg is emerging as an important legal test case for Europe and the
US. The probe turns on whether the Grand Duchy failed to apply its own tax laws
and thereby supported the restaurant chain with illegal state aid.
While the commission has targeted a series of alleged
sweetheart tax deals in Europe — including for Apple, Amazon and Starbucks —
the charges in the McDonald's case are its first attempt to tackle a country
for failing to check that a US multinational was properly taxed in the US.
The probe strikes at the heart of the so-called
“check-the-box” tax planning, where legal blind spots in international
double-taxation treaties are used by some US multinationals to route profits to
tax havens via “disregarded entities”. The US administration has harshly
criticised the commission for unfairly targeting American companies that will
eventually repatriate their profits.
The commission states that McDonald’s obtained two tax
rulings — letters clarifying tax obligations — from Luxembourg in 2009 that
ensured that it paid no corporate tax on the profits of McDonald’s Europe
Franchising, which were more than €250m in 2013. This entity received royalty
payments for know-how and branding from restaurants in Europe and Russia.
In the first tax ruling, Luxembourg granted a tax
exemption to McDonald’s provided that it demonstrated on a yearly basis that
its “profits have been declared and are subject to tax in . . . the US”.
However, McDonald’s returned to request a revision to the
ruling, claiming that the US-Luxembourg tax treaty allowed for exemptions on
income that “may” be taxed in the US. “There is . . . no requirement that the
other contracting state (US) effectively taxes this income,” an adviser to
McDonald’s wrote.
This written request was accepted by the Grand Duchy. It
is a decision that the commission argues amounts to a “misapplication” of its
tax treaty with the US and unlawful state aid. When launching the probe in
December Margrethe Vestager, the EU competition commissioner, said: “The
purpose of double taxation treaties between countries is to avoid double
taxation — not to justify double non-taxation.”
The cases are highly contentious. Luc De Broe, a tax
litigation partner at Laga, warned that the commission was in danger of
overreaching to become Europe’s “tax police”. The McDonald’s case rested on a
tax treaty interpretation “for which only a Luxembourgish tax judge would be
competent”, he added.
Brussels has the power to force Luxembourg to recover
unpaid taxes. Luxembourg rejects the accusation that it illegally favoured
McDonald’s. The restaurant group also denies any wrongdoing.
US multinationals have made increasing use of Luxembourg
as a low-tax bridgehead into Europe. The profits reported by US companies in
Luxembourg rose from 18 per cent of its gross domestic product in 2004 to 127
per cent in 2010. Much of this profit has not been repatriated to the US,
contributing to more than $2tn in lightly taxed foreign earnings being held
outside the US.
While some of these earnings have been reinvested,
Moody’s, the rating agency, has estimated there is $1.2tn cash in the stash of
profits held overseas. The money will be taxed when it is eventually brought
back to the US, but companies are delaying its return in the hope of a rate
cut, as part of wider tax reform. US politicians, such as Kevin Brady, who
chairs the House ways and means committee, have attacked the commission’s
investigations as “a money grab targeted on US companies”.
Copyright The Financial Times Limited 2016.
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