AI 'could leave half of world unemployed' - “What can humans do when machines can do almost everything?”
Would you bet against sex robots? AI 'could leave half of
world unemployed'
Scientist Moshe Vardi tells colleagues that change could
come within 30 years, with few professions immune to effect of advanced
artificial intelligence
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By Alan Yuhas in Washington DC
Saturday 13 February 2016 10.00 EST Last modified on
Saturday 13 February 2016 11.36 EST
Machines could put more than half the world’s population
out of a job in the next 30 years, according to a computer scientist who said
on Saturday that artificial intelligence’s threat to the economy should not be
understated.
Expert Moshe Vardi told the American Association for the
Advancement of Science (AAAS): “We are approaching a time when machines will be
able to outperform humans at almost any task.
“I believe that society needs to confront this question
before it is upon us: if machines are capable of doing almost any work humans
can do, what will humans do?”
Physicist Stephen Hawking and the tech billionaires Bill
Gates and Elon Musk issued a similar warning last year. Hawking warned that AI
“could spell the end of the human race” and Musk said it represents “our
biggest existential threat”.
The fear of artificial intelligence has even reached the
UN, where a group billing itself the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots met with
diplomats last year.
Vardi, a professor at Rice University and Guggenheim
fellow, said that technology presents a more subtle threat than the masterless
drones that some activists fear. He suggested AI could drive global
unemployment to 50%, wiping out middle-class jobs and exacerbating inequality.
Unlike the industrial revolution, Vardi said, “the AI
revolution” will not be a matter of physically powerful machines that
outperform human laborers, but rather a contest between human wit and
mechanical intelligence and strength. In China the question has already
affected thousands of jobs, as electronics manufacturers, Foxconn and Samsung
among them, develop precision robots to replace human workers.
In his talk, the computer scientist alluded to economist
John Maynard Keynes’ rosy vision of a future in which billions worked only a
few hours a week, with intelligent machines to support their easy lifestyles –
a prediction embraced wholesale by Google head of engineering Ray Kurzweil, who
believes “the singularity” of super-AI could bring about utopia for a future
hybrid of mankind.
Vardi insisted that even if machines make life easier,
humanity will face an existential challenge.
“I do not find this a promising future, as I do not find
the prospect of leisure-only life appealing,” he said. “I believe that work is
essential to human wellbeing.”
Computer scientist Bart Selman told reporters at the
conference that as self-driving cars, “household robots, service robots” and
other intelligent systems become more common, humans will “sort of be in a
symbiosis with those machines, and we’ll start to trust them and start to work
with them”.
Selman, a professor at Cornell University, said:
“Computers are basically starting to hear and see the way humans do,” thanks to
advances in big data and “deep learning”.
Vardi predicted that driving will be almost fully
automated in the next 25 years, and asked, for all the benefits of technology,
“what can humans do when machines can do almost everything?”
He said that technology has already massively changed the
US economy in the last 50 years. “We were all delighted to hear that
unemployment went down to 4.8%” this month, he said, “but focusing on the
monthly job report hides the fact that for the last 35 years the country has
been in economic crisis.”
Citing research from MIT, he noted that although
Americans continue to drive GDP with increasing productivity, employment peaked
around 1980 and average wages for families have gone down. “It’s automation,”
Vardi said.
He also predicted that automation’s effect on
unemployment would have huge political consequences, and lamented that leaders
have largely ignored it. “We are in a presidential election year and this issue
is just nowhere on the radar screen.”
He said that virtually no human profession is totally
immune: “Are you going to bet against sex robots? I would not.”
Last year, the consultant company McKinsey published
research about which jobs are at risk thanks to intelligent machines, and found
that some jobs – or at least well-paid careers like doctors and hedge fund
managers – are better protected than others. Less intuitively, the researchers
also concluded that some low-paying jobs, including landscapers and health
aides, are also less likely to be changed than others.
In contrast, they concluded that 20% of a CEO’s working
time could be automated with existing technologies, and nearly 80% of a file
clerk’s job could be automated. Their research dovetails with Vardi’s
worst-case scenario predictions, however; they argued that as much as 45% of the
work people are paid to do could be automated by existing technology.
Vardi said he wanted the gathering of scientists to
consider: “Does the technology we are developing ultimately benefit mankind?
“Humanity is about to face perhaps its greatest challenge
ever, which is finding meaning in life after the end of ‘in the sweat of thy
face shalt thou eat bread’,” he said. “We need to rise to the occasion and meet
this challenge.”
In the US, the labor secretary, Thomas Perez, has told
American seaports that they should consider robotic cranes and automatic
vehicles in order to compete with docks around the world, despite the
resistance of unions. In 2013, two Oxford professors predicted that as much as
47% of the US workforce, from telemarketers to legal secretaries and cooks,
were vulnerable to automation.
Dire forecasts such as Vardi’s are not without their
critics, including Pulitzer-winning author Nicholas Carr and Stanford scientist
Edward Geist. Carr has argued that human creativity and intuition in the face
of complex problems is essentially irreplaceable, and an advantage over
computers and their overly accurate reputation.
Walking the line between the pessimists and optimists,
Martin Ford, author of Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a
Jobless Future, has suggested that automation will come down to politics today,
telling National Geographic that if scientists and governments don’t address
the issue “for lots of people who are not economically at the top, it’s going
to be pretty dystopian”.
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